DeFi Taxes 101: Swaps, Loans, Liquidity, & Staking (2026)

This guide covers how common DeFi transactions are taxed, from swaps and staking to loans and liquidity pools, plus the tax implications of popular DeFi protocols.

CoinLedger is the DeFi tax software of choice for more than 700,000 investors. This guide was reviewed by our in-house team of tax experts before publication and is updated regularly based on new IRS guidelines.

Is using DeFi taxable?

While the IRS hasn’t ruled on liquidity pools, wrapping, bridging, lending or DeFi derivatives, it has released general guidance on cryptocurrency. From these guidelines, we can infer that DeFi transactions are subject to capital gains tax or income tax in most cases. 

Capital gains tax: Disposals of cryptocurrency are subject to capital gains tax. Examples of disposals include selling your crypto, trading one crypto for another, or using crypto to make a purchase. You incur a capital gain or loss depending on how the price of your crypto has changed since you originally received it. 

Ordinary income tax: When you earn cryptocurrency, you recognize ordinary income. 

Because of these gaps, some investors choose to take a ‘conservative’ or ‘aggressive’ approach to tax reporting based on their risk tolerance. 

In complex cases, it’s recommended that you seek guidance from your tax professional.

Can DeFi be used for tax evasion? 

Even though DeFi protocols don’t collect customer information, the IRS can track your transactions. 

If you’ve transferred your cryptocurrency from a cryptocurrency exchange with Know Your Customer (KYC) verification, it’s likely that you can be identified. 

Transactions on blockchains like Bitcoin and Ethereum are publicly visible and permanent. In the past, the IRS has worked with contractors like Chainalysis to analyze the blockchain and crack down on ‘anonymous’ wallets. 

Since 2025, centralized exchanges and other custodial brokers report your crypto sales on Form 1099-DA (gross proceeds from 2025, cost basis for covered assets from 2026). DeFi protocols don’t file the form. Exchange data still lets the IRS connect your on-ramps and off-ramps to your on-chain activity.

The IRS has sent warning letters to crypto investors about potentially unreported transactions, including more than 10,000 Letters 6173, 6174 and 6174-A in 2019.

What gets reported to the IRS (and what doesn’t)?

Since 2025, crypto brokers report your sales to the IRS on Form 1099-DA. However, most DeFi activity never appears on one. Here’s how it breaks down.

DeFi protocols and self-custody wallets: There’s no Form 1099-DA. Congress repealed the DeFi broker rule in April 2025, so you self-report all of this activity.

Exchanges and custodial brokers: Form 1099-DA reports your gross proceeds for sales since 2025. Cost basis is reported only for covered assets, meaning crypto acquired after 2025 and held at that same broker.

Even at a broker: For now, brokers aren’t required to report wrapping, liquidity pool, lending or staking transactions (Notice 2024-57). That’s a reporting carve-out, not a tax rule. These transactions can still be taxable, and you still need to report them.

Coming back from DeFi: Crypto you move back to an exchange is noncovered, so its Form 1099-DA may show your proceeds with a blank cost basis. Moving crypto doesn’t change your cost basis. The exchange just may not know it.

The fix is to report your own cost basis on Form 8949, using the digital asset boxes (G through L). Since January 1, 2025, you also need to track your cost basis wallet by wallet, or account by account, rather than across all of your holdings at once (Rev. Proc. 2024-28).

Is sending crypto to another wallet taxable? 

Transferring crypto to another wallet that you own is not considered a taxable event. 

However, spending cryptocurrency to pay for blockchain fees related to a transfer is generally treated as a taxable disposal subject to capital gains tax. 

How is DeFi staking and interest taxed? 

DeFi staking and interest rewards may be taxed as income or capital gains depending on the specific mechanisms of your protocol. 

Earning new tokens: Income 

If you earn rewards in the form of new tokens in your wallet, your rewards will be taxed as income based on the fair market value of your crypto at the time of receipt. 

Remember, you should claim your staking rewards as income when you have the ability to exchange/withdraw your cryptocurrency to your wallet. That’s when you gain “dominion and control” of your rewards under Rev. Rul. 2023-14. 

Tokens that increase in value: Capital gains

In some cases, you may have to swap tokens to claim your staking rewards. This is common within liquid staking protocols. It’s likely that these tokens will be subject to capital gains tax when they are swapped.

How is liquidity mining taxed? 

The IRS has not released any guidance about providing liquidity to liquidity pools. Because depositing cryptocurrency in liquidity pools typically involves swapping one cryptocurrency for another, many tax professionals believe that these transactions are subject to capital gains tax. 

While the conservative approach is recommended, some investors choose to take a more aggressive approach. 

Conservative approach: Treat exchanging cryptocurrency for LP (liquidity pool) tokens as a crypto-to-crypto exchange. You’ll incur capital gains or losses depending on how your crypto’s value has changed since you originally received it. 

Aggressive approach: Treat exchanging cryptocurrency for LP tokens as equivalent to a deposit, which is considered a non-taxable event. This stance argues that true tax ownership is not transferred upon creation of LP tokens.

In the following examples, we’ll follow the conservative approach.

Depositing liquidity in a liquidity pool: Capital gains

Depositing liquidity in a liquidity pool and receiving LP tokens in return may be considered a crypto-to-crypto trade subject to capital gains tax. 

Withdrawing liquidity in a liquidity pool: Capital gains

When you withdraw liquidity, you’ll likely be required to trade your LP tokens to regain access to your cryptocurrency. It’s likely that this will be also considered a crypto-to-crypto trade subject to capital gains tax. 

How are governance tokens taxed? 

Governance tokens are often used to reward DeFi investors for using a protocol. Receiving and disposing of these governance tokens comes with tax implications. 

Receiving governance tokens: Income

If you earn governance tokens in an airdrop, you’ll recognize ordinary income. The amount of income you recognize is equal to the market value of the governance token at the time it is received. 

Selling governance tokens: Capital gains

Like other cryptocurrencies, governance tokens are subject to capital gains tax upon disposal.

How are DeFi loans taxed? 

Often, crypto protocols allow users to take out loans after depositing crypto as collateral. Let’s explore the tax implications of taking out a DeFi crypto loan. 

Taking out a loan: Potentially subject to capital gains tax 

Generally, taking out a loan is not considered a taxable event. 

However, some DeFi loan providers require executing a swap in order to take out the loan. 

For example, taking out a loan on Ethereum in Compound requires you to exchange ETH for cETH. It’s unclear whether this will be considered a taxable event like other crypto-to-crypto transactions.

Conservative approach: Report this type of loan as a taxable event and incur capital gains or losses depending on how the price of your collateral has changed since you originally received it. 

Aggressive approach: Consider the deposit of collateral as a transaction that does not transfer ownership. This would be treated as non-taxable.

Forced liquidations: Capital gains

Some platforms automatically liquidate your collateral if you do not meet the platform’s loan-to-value ratio. This is considered a disposal subject to capital gains tax, which you will be required to pay regardless of whether you receive the proceeds of the sale. 

To report it, use the liquidation price of your collateral as your proceeds, and claim a capital loss if that amount is below your cost basis. Keep the protocol’s liquidation transaction record for your files.

Crypto loan interest payments: Deductible in some situations

The IRS has yet to issue specific guidance about the tax implications of interest payments in crypto lending. However, you can get a better idea for how they may be treated by looking at traditional lending. 

To understand whether your interest payments are tax-deductible, it is necessary to consider whether a loan is used for personal, investment, or business-related purposes.

Personal loan: If a loan is taken out for personal reasons, interest expense is typically not considered tax-deductible. Your loan will fall into this category if you’re taking out the loan to pay off credit cards, or even to pay your tax bill.

Investment loan: If you use the borrowed funds for investment purposes (for example, yield farming or purchasing/trading coins) the interest expense you incur may be best classified as investment interest expense. Investment interest expenses are subject to special tax rules and are deductible only up to your net investment income, and only if you itemize (Form 4952). 

Business-related loan: If a business takes out a loan for a commercial purpose, the interest is treated as a legitimate tax-deductible business expense.

For more information, check out our complete guide to how cryptocurrency loans are taxed.

How are wrapped tokens taxed? 

Some investors ‘wrap’ their existing coins to interact with DeFi protocols. For example, investors may wrap their Bitcoin to interact with protocols built on the Ethereum blockchain. 

Since the IRS has not yet ruled on the issue of wrapped tokens, it is considered a gray area in the tax code. As a result, some investors choose a conservative approach to reporting these transactions, while others choose a more aggressive approach. 

Conservative approach: Treat the act of wrapping your coins as a crypto-to-crypto exchange. You’ll incur capital gains or losses depending on how the price of your tokens has changed since you originally received them. 

Aggressive approach: Treat the act of wrapping your coins as equivalent to holding the same cryptocurrency. In this case, wrapping would be considered a non-taxable event. 

For more information, check out our complete guide to how wrapped/bridged tokens are taxed. 

How are bridged tokens taxed?

Bridging allows investors to move assets from one blockchain to another. 

It’s likely that bridging will not be considered a taxable event. Unlike wrapping, there isn’t necessarily an event where one cryptocurrency is directly swapped for another. As a result, a taxable disposal likely does not occur. 

However, some investors choose to take the ultra-conservative approach of treating bridging tokens as a taxable event subject to capital gains tax. 

How are Layer 2 DeFi solutions taxed? 

Many investors use Layer 2 solutions like Polygon and Arbitrum for DeFi because they offer lower fees and faster transaction times.

For the most part, Layer 2 DeFi transactions are taxed similarly to other DeFi transactions. However, you may incur taxes for wrapping and bridging your cryptocurrency from Layer 1 to Layer 2. For more information, take a look at the sections above. 

How are DeFi airdrops taxed? 

Often, DeFi projects will airdrop tokens to early users. 

If you receive an airdrop, your rewards will be considered ordinary income based on the fair market value of your crypto at the time of receipt. If you dispose of your airdrop rewards in the future, you’ll incur a capital gain or loss depending on how the price of your crypto has changed since you originally received it.

How is margin trading and DeFi derivatives taxed? 

Some DeFi protocols offer margin trading and derivatives. 

At this time, the IRS has not released guidance on how these types of transactions are taxed. However, it’s likely that profits from margin trading and derivatives will be taxed as capital gains. 

Can I be audited for DeFi taxes?

While getting audited for DeFi activity is relatively rare, the IRS has steadily expanded its digital-asset enforcement tools in recent years.

If you receive a warning letter from the IRS, you should double-check to make sure you’ve properly reported your transactions from the current and previous tax years. 

Accurately reporting your DeFi transactions can help minimize your odds of being chosen for an audit. This means you should report transactions from all the wallets you are using and keep a comprehensive record of your transaction history (more on this below). 

If you are selected for an audit, it’s a good idea to reach out to a crypto tax professional who can help you guide you through the audit process. 

What records should I keep for DeFi taxes? 

To accurately report your DeFi taxes, you should keep records of the following information. 

• The type of cryptocurrency involved in the transaction
• How many units of cryptocurrency involved in cryptocurrency 
• The date you received the cryptocurrency 
• The date you disposed of the cryptocurrency 
• The fair market value of the cryptocurrency at receipt
• The fair market value of your cryptocurrency at disposal 
• The wallet or account that held it

If you’ve transferred your crypto between different wallets and exchanges, you may have trouble finding this information. 

In this case, crypto tax software like CoinLedger can help. CoinLedger can automatically import transactions from your wallets and exchanges and generate a complete tax report in minutes.

How do I report my DeFi taxes? 

Once you’ve collected the information you need to report your DeFi taxes, you should report each taxable transaction on your taxes. 

Transactions subject to capital gains tax should be reported on Form 8949, using the digital asset boxes (G through L), and the totals flow to Schedule D. Ordinary income should be reported on Schedule 1 for individual investors, or on Schedule C if you earn it as part of a business. Your 2026 tax return is due April 15, 2027.

For more information, check out our guide to reporting your crypto taxes. 

How do I report DeFi losses on my taxes? 

Capital losses from DeFi can be used to offset capital gains and potentially reduce your tax bill. If you have a net capital loss for the year, you can deduct up to $3,000 ($1,500 if married filing separately) against other income each year and carry the rest forward to future tax years. 

Capital losses can be reported alongside capital gains on Form 8949.

DeFi platforms: tax treatment overview

Below we have summarized the high-level tax implications relating to specific DeFi protocols. Keep in mind, the IRS hasn’t issued guidance on most DeFi transactions. Please keep in mind the below descriptions represent the conservative tax approach inferred from current IRS crypto guidelines.

Uniswap V2

Uniswap is a decentralized exchange that allows users to trade/swap between cryptocurrencies as well as contribute crypto to liquidity pools to earn income.

• Trading one cryptocurrency for another on Uniswap is a taxable event and triggers capital gains or losses based on how the price of the coins you are trading away have changed since you originally received them. 
• When you contribute to a liquidity pool, you receive liquidity pool tokens representing your share of the pool. This triggers a taxable event and capital gains/losses apply. In other words, when you enter a liquidity pool, you are effectively trading your underlying cryptocurrency for the Uniswap liquidity pool token. 
• UNI liquidity pool tokens increase in value as the pool accrues interest. When you divest from the liquidity pool, you exchange back the UNI liquidity pool tokens and realize any capital gains or losses. 
  

Uniswap V3 and V4

Instead of LP tokens, Uniswap V3 gives liquidity providers NFTs that represent their position in the liquidity pool. Uniswap V4 positions are also NFTs, so the same treatment applies.

• Wrapping a liquidity position into an NFT is a taxable event. You’ll recognize gains or losses depending on how the price of the tokens you wrapped changed since you originally received them. 
• The value of your NFT will increase as the pool accrues interest. When you divest from the liquidity pool and swap your NFT for your underlying position, you’ll recognize capital gains/losses depending on how the value of your NFT has changed. 

Jupiter Finance

Jupiter is a decentralized exchange aggregator built on Solana. It sources the best swap rates across multiple Solana-based DEXs and routes trades accordingly.

• Swapping one token for another on Jupiter is a taxable event that triggers capital gains or losses. 

PancakeSwap

PancakeSwap is a major DEX on BNB Smart Chain (BSC), offering token swaps, yield farming, and liquidity pools.

• Trading one token for another on PancakeSwap is a taxable event that triggers capital gains or losses depending on your cost basis in the token being swapped away.
• When you contribute assets to a PancakeSwap liquidity pool, you receive LP tokens. This is treated as a disposal of your cryptocurrency for a new asset (the LP token), and capital gains tax applies. 
• Your LP tokens may grow in value over a time. When you withdraw liquidity and redeem your LP tokens, you realize an additional capital gain/loss.

Compound

Compound is a decentralized protocol that enables borrowing, lending, and  earning interest.

• On Compound v2, exchanging tokens like ETH for cETH is a taxable trade subject to capital gains tax (you dispose of your ETH when exchanging it for cETH).
• Your Compound v2 cTokens increase in value as you lend. You incur capital gains when you convert your cTokens back for the underlying asset.
• On Compound III, you supply the base asset directly instead of exchanging it for cTokens, and the same conservative logic applies to the interest you earn.
• Any COMP earned as a reward is taxable income based on the fair market value of COMP at the time of earning.

Aave

Aave is a DeFi protocol that allows users to provide liquidity, earn interest, and borrow funds.

• You incur capital gains/losses on the crypto asset you exchange away when minting aTokens based on how its price has changed since you originally received it. 
• Interest received from lending accrues to you in the form of additional aTokens. Each time you receive aTokens, you recognize income equal to the fair market value of those tokens at the time of receipt.
• Similar to providing liquidity on other platforms, users of Aave’s legacy Safety Module can stake AAVE in return for STK AAVE tokens, which triggers capital gains upon entry and exit.
• Holding STK AAVE also generates AAVE token rewards. This is taxed as ordinary income at the fair market value at the time of receipt.
• Aave’s newer Umbrella staking system is replacing the legacy Safety Module. Under the conservative approach, staking in Umbrella follows the same capital gains logic on entry and exit.

Meteora

Meteora is a Solana-based DeFi protocol offering dynamic liquidity provisioning. It allows users to deposit assets into vaults and earn liquidity pools rewards, optimized for their risk tolerance and current market conditions. 

• Depositing assets into a Meteora vault is considered a taxable event, because you're trading your tokens for a vault share token, which may result in capital gains or losses.
• Over time, your share of the vault increases in value as trading fees accrue. When you redeem your cryptocurrency, you will trigger additional capital gains or losses.

Maker

Maker, and the platform’s decentralized exchange Oasis, allows users to trade between assets, borrow against collateral, and earn DAI either by locking ETH or other cryptocurrencies as collateral or via DAI savings.

• Trading one cryptocurrency for another on Maker is a taxable event and triggers associated capital gains or losses just like trades on centralized exchanges. 
• Earned DAI is subject to income taxes at the fair market value of DAI at the time of receipt.
• Using cryptocurrency as collateral on Maker does not trigger a taxable event.
• If the position is liquidated, a taxable event is triggered and the underlying assets will incur capital gains/losses based on the value of the assets upon liquidation.

Balancer

Similar to Uniswap, Balancer allows you to trade or swap cryptocurrencies as well as contribute to liquidity pools. 

• Trading one cryptocurrency for another on Balancer is a taxable event and triggers capital gains or losses, just like trades on centralized exchanges.
• Entering or exiting a Balancer liquidity pool is a taxable event subject to capital gains tax. 
• Balancer Pool Tokens also generate income in the form of BAL tokens which are periodically distributed to liquidity providers. Each time you receive BAL tokens, you recognize ordinary income equal to the fair market value of those tokens at the time of receipt.

Report your DeFi taxes with CoinLedger 

Trying to report your DeFi taxes can be stressful. Luckily, CoinLedger can help you calculate and track your taxes in minutes. 

CoinLedger allows you to automatically import your transactions from hundreds of blockchains and exchanges. The platform automatically classifies your transactions based on type (airdrop, staking, loan, and more) and calculates your gains, losses, and income. 

CoinLedger makes the tax reporting process easy, even if you’re not a tech or finance expert. That’s why more than 700,000 investors around the world use the platform to handle their tax reporting.  

Get started with a free preview report today — there’s no need to enter your credit card details until you’re 100% sure your information is accurate!